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Contributors
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- By Jennifer Alvarez, Ananda B. Amstadter, Metin Başoğlu, David M. Benedek, Charles C. Benight, George A. Bonanno, Evelyn J. Bromet, Richard A. Bryant, Barbara Lopes Cardozo, M. L. Somchai Chakkraband, Claude Chemtob, Roman Cieslak, Lauren M. Conoscenti, Joan M. Cook, Judith Cukor, Carla Kmett Danielson, JoAnn Difede, Charles DiMaggio, Anja J.E. Dirkzwager, Cristiane S. Duarte, Jon D. Elhai, Diane L. Elmore, Yael L.E. Errera, Julian D. Ford, Carol S. Fullerton, Sandro Galea, Freya Goodhew, Neil Greenberg, Lindsay Greene, Linda Grievink, Michael J. Gruber, Sumati Gupta, Johan M. Havenaar, Alesia O. Hawkins, Clare Henn-Haase, Kimberly Eaton Hoagwood, Christina W. Hoven, Sabra S. Inslicht, Krzysztof Kaniasty, Ronald C. Kessler, Rachel Kimerling, Richard V. King, Rolf J. Kleber, Jessica Mass Levitt, Brett T. Litz, Maria Livanou, Katelyn P. Mack, Paula Madrid, Shira Maguen, Paul Maguire, Donald J. Mandell, Charles R. Marmar, Andrea R. Maxwell, Shannon E. McCaslin, Alexander C. McFarlane, Thomas J. Metzler, Summer Nelson, Yuval Neria, Elana Newman, Thomas C. Neylan, Fran H. Norris, Carol S. North, Lawrence A. Palinkas, Benjaporn Panyayong, Maria Petukhova, Betty Pfefferbaum, Marleen Radigan, Beverley Raphael, James Rodriguez, G. James Rubin, Kenneth J. Ruggiero, Ebru Şalcıoğlu, Nancy A. Sampson, Arieh Y. Shalev, Bruce Shapiro, Laura M. Stough, Prawate Tantipiwatanaskul, Warunee Thienkrua, Phebe Tucker, J. Blake Turner, Robert J. Ursano, Bellis van den Berg, Peter G. van der Velden, Frits van Griensven, Miranda Van Hooff, Edward Waldrep, Philip S. Wang, Simon Wessely, Leslie H. Wind, C. Joris Yzermans, Heidi M. Zinzow
- Edited by Yuval Neria, Columbia University, New York, Sandro Galea, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Fran H. Norris
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- Book:
- Mental Health and Disasters
- Published online:
- 07 May 2010
- Print publication:
- 20 July 2009, pp xi-xvi
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15 - Perspectives on sensory integration systems: Problems, opportunities, and predictions
- from Part three - Behavioral ecology and evolution
- Edited by Julia K. Parrish, University of Washington, William M. Hamner, University of California, Los Angeles
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- Book:
- Animal Groups in Three Dimensions
- Published online:
- 01 June 2010
- Print publication:
- 13 December 1997, pp 225-244
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Summary
It is more pleasant to present great ideas than to engage in painstaking collection of data.
Tjeerd van AndelIntroduction
There is something captivating about large groups of animals moving swiftly and synchronously. A flock of pigeons wheeling over a city park or a silvery cloud of anchovies at the Monterey Bay Aquarium is fascinating and beautiful to people far removed from those of us who study and think critically about animal aggregations and schools. Although scientists have been interested in animal group dynamics for many years, these phenomena have proved difficult to manage quantitatively. Until recently, much that was written about school structure and function was of necessity based on the analysis of very small groups or upon rather subjective or rational arguments.
A pertinent example of the latter is Hamilton's 1971 model for animal aggregation, the “Selfish Herd.” This results from a progression of logic that predicts that individuals will seek the interior of a group because they are safer there than they would be at the edge. Given his assumptions, the frogs in Hamilton's thought experiment hop into groups and thereby improve their odds. At least one of those frogs will lose due to its lack of nearby neighbors. The “selfish herd” has rightly been an important part of thinking about predators and schooling prey for two decades.
But models must be tested against nature and the naturalists among us know that there's more to it than jockeying for the inside track. Among the city pigeons, recognizable individuals change relative positions frequently and move throughout the flock.